Jacobian matrix for near-infrared remote sensing based on vector radiative transfer model     

Bai  Wenguang  Zhang  Peng  Zhang  Wenjian  Li  Jun  Ma  Gang  Qi  Chengli  Liu  Hui 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(9):1353-1365

Due to the polarization effects of the Earth's surface reflection and atmospheric particles' scattering, high-precision retrieval of atmospheric parameters from near-infrared satellite data requires accurate vector atmospheric radiative transfer simulations. This paper presents a near-infrared vector radiative transfer model based on the doubling and adding method. This new model utilizes approximate calculations of the atmospheric transmittance, reflection, and solar scattering radiance for a finitely thin atmospheric layer. To verify its accuracy, the results for four typical scenarios(single molecular layer with Rayleigh scattering, single aerosol layer scattering, multi-layer Rayleigh scattering, and true atmospheric with multi-layer molecular absorption, Rayleigh and aerosol scattering) were compared with benchmarks from a well-known model. The comparison revealed an excellent agreement between the results and the reference data, with accuracy within a few thousandths. Besides, to fulfill the retrieval algorithm, a numerical differentiation-based Jacobian calculation method is developed for the atmospheric and surface parameters. This is coupled with the adding and doubling process for the radiative transfer calculation. The Jacobian matrix produced by the new algorithm is evaluated by comparison with that from the perturbation method. The relative Jacobian matrix deviations between the two methods are within a few thousandths for carbon dioxide and less than 1.0×10~(-3)% for aerosol optical depth. The two methods are consistent for surface albedo, with a deviation below 2.03×10~(-4)%. All validation results suggest that the accuracy of the proposed radiative transfer model is suitable for inversion applications. This model exhibits the potential for simulating near-infrared measurements of greenhouse gas monitoring instruments.  相似文献   

Relative energy zero ratio-based approach for identifying pulse-like ground motions     

Liu  Ping  Li  Ning  Ma  Hua  Xie  Lili  Zhou  Baofeng 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2020,19(1):1-16

Pulse-like ground motions are capable of inflicting significant damage to structures. Efficient classification of pulse-like ground motion is of great importance when performing the seismic assessment in near-fault regions. In this study, a new method for identifying the velocity pulses is proposed, based on different trends of two parameters: the short-time energy and the short-time zero crossing rate of a ground motion record. A new pulse indicator, the relative energy zero ratio(REZR), is defined to qualitatively identify pulse-like features. The threshold for pulse-like ground motions is derived and compared with two other identification methods through statistical analysis. The proposed procedure not only shows good accuracy and efficiency when identifying pulse-like ground motions but also exhibits good performance for classifying records with high-frequency noise and discontinuous pulses. The REZR method does not require a waveform formula to express and fit the potential velocity pulses; it is a purely signal-based classification method. Finally, the proposed procedure is used to evaluate the contribution of pulse-like motions to the total input energy of a seismic record, which dramatically increases the seismic damage potential.  相似文献   

青海省东北部地区中晚全新世人类对动物资源的获取与利用——以青海湖盆地尖嘴遗址为例     

陈晓良  刘向军  侯光良 《第四纪研究》2020,(2):367-378

青海省东北部地区复杂多样的地貌类型,为研究史前人类适应不同自然环境下的动物资源利用提供了条件.然而,已开展的动物考古研究主要聚焦在青海省东北部的河谷农业区,对于草原地带的研究相对薄弱,其先民对草原环境中的适应策略仍未得到充分讨论.本文选择农牧过渡带的青海湖盆地尖嘴遗址出土动物骨骼为研究对象,运用AMS 14C测年方法、动物种属鉴定和可鉴定标本数(NISP)统计,确认尖嘴遗址(3.2 ka B.P.左右)是一处卡约文化早期的人类活动遗迹,其先民以狩猎活动为主要生业策略,渔猎作为辅助生计,属"初级开发型"模式.在此基础上,结合青海省东北部地区已有动物研究资料,探讨了中晚全新世(8.0~2.0 ka B.P.)以来的动物资源获取利用及家畜饲养状态.结果显示:8.0~6.0 ka B.P.,本区先民以纯粹的狩猎经济为主,其猎取对象则为中小型哺乳动物,属"依赖型"生业模式;6.0~4.0 ka B.P.,本区先民获取动物资源方式仍以狩猎为主,并开始出现一定规模的家畜饲养(猪和狗),其生业属低水平的食物生产阶段,获取肉食资源的模式处于"初级开发型"阶段;4.0~2.0 ka B.P.,史前东西方文化交流的不断增强,驯化于西亚的家畜牲畜牛羊传入至青海省东北部地区,使得该区先民利用动物资源方式呈现多元化,构成了"初级开发型"和"开发型"两种生业模式,牛羊成为家畜饲养的主流.总体来讲,中晚全新世以来青海省东北部地区先民获取肉食资源的方式大致经历了由以狩猎-采集方式到家畜饲养方式的历时性转变,不同区域的自然环境差异及史前欧亚大陆东西方文化间的交流是起决定性作用的因素.  相似文献   

Status and prospect of 3D inversions in EM geophysics     

Yin  Changchun  Liu  Yunhe  Xiong  Bin 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(3):452-455

1.Current status Three-dimensional(3D)inversion of geophysical EM data is generally underdetermined,non-linear,and of large-scale that is very difficult to solve by optimization.In the past two decades,with the advancement of computational equipment and numerical algorithms,3D geophysical EM inversion has made great progress.Numerous inversion codes and platforms based on the regularizations have been successfully developed and are being widely used in the industry and scientific research.The development of 3D EM inversions mainly involve the following aspects.  相似文献   

四川省盐源县盐泉的特征与形成     

李娜  周训  郭娟  拓明明  徐艳秋 《现代地质》2020,34(1):177-188

研究天然盐泉的形成有助于揭示陆地水文循环过程中的物质迁移。采用水文地球化学的方法,分析四川省盐源县的9个泉水和卤水水样的水化学特征和同位素特征,探讨盐泉的溶质来源,总结盐泉的成因模式。水样可以分为TDS为311.69 g/L的Cl-Na型卤水、TDS为55.77~89.43 g/L的Cl-Na型盐泉、TDS为1.17 g/L的Cl-Na型微咸泉和TDS为0.26~0.56 g/L的以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主的淡水泉。泉水和卤水的氢氧同位素显示其来源于大气降水;水样的特征系数显示盐泉和卤水都属于溶滤型,且指示研究区基本不具有找钾前景。泉水的盐分主要来源于石盐、方解石、石膏和白云石等矿物的溶滤。盐泉的形成模式可以概括为:在山区获得大气降水入渗补给后,地下水经历较浅和较深的地下径流并且溶滤含盐地层或者盐矿,使其矿化度升高,在地形较低处汇集出露地表成泉。  相似文献   

Impacts of confining pressure and safety thickness on water and mud inrush in weathered granite     

Jinquan Liu  Weizhong Chen  Zhiping Deng  Taogen Liu 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2020,38(2):144-153

Abstract

Due to the strong disintegration and water erosion of completely weathered granite, water and mud inrush disasters are apt to take place in this zone during underwater tunnel construction. The pore, compactness, seepage path length, fracture geometries and their interconnections for water and mud transfer are strongly influenced by confining pressure and waterproof-resistant slab safety thickness. In order to inspect the influence, a series of experiments based on a self-designed testing system and non-Darcy testing method were performed. The results indicated that the water and mud inrush evolution increased with the increase of confining pressure and decreased with the increase of safety thickness. In particular, the confining pressure mainly influences the initial evolution stage, and a critical safety thickness to prevent water and mud inrush is obtained. Besides, the non-Darcy testing method results shows that the water and mud inrush evolution affects the influence of non-Darcy flow. For example, while the safety thickness was smaller than the critical value, the evolution was large and unstable and its behavior transferred into nonlinear. In this case, the flow changed to non-Darcy flow.  相似文献   

Application of flocculation combined with vacuum preloading to reduce river-dredged sludge     

Feiyu Liu  Wenqing Wu  Jun Wang  Jun Hai  Yuanqiang Cai 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2020,38(2):164-173

Abstract

To achieve the rapid dewatering of dredged sludge, the flocculation–vacuum-preloading method was tested indoors. In this study, the optimal mixing ratio of six flocculants was determined through the settling column test, and then the proposed method was tested. The water drainage and settlement were monitored during the test, while the soil moisture content and shear strength were measured after the test. The results show that all the flocculants had an optimal mixing ratio, and the addition of 0.8% FeCl₃ or 0.08% anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) in the sludge can better accelerate solid–liquid separation of the sludge. After the test, the water content in the sludge decreased from 140% to 60%. Compared with general vacuum preloading, the use of the proposed method increased the water drainage by 46.5% and 56.8% and decreased the soil volumes by 60.5% and 82.4% for FeCl₃ and APAM, respectively. Moreover, the corresponding shear strength was increased from 10 to 14 and 17?kPa. In addition, the use of APAM increased the solidification rate of heavy metals in the sludge to more than 80%, effectively inhibiting the migration of heavy metals.  相似文献   

多向不规则波浪作用下群墩结构上爬高的计算研究     

季新然  邹丽  任智源  柳淑学 《海洋学报》2019,41(3):35-43

波浪的方向分布对波浪的传播及其与工程结构物的作用都具有明显影响，目前现有的研究大多是基于单向波浪进行的。为了研究方向分布对群墩结构上的爬高影响，基于规则波浪与群墩作用的理论解，结合多向不规则波浪的造波方法，建立了多向不规则波浪与群墩作用的计算模型，同时进行了物理模型试验对模型的有效性进行了验证。系统地对群墩周围及表面上的波浪爬高进行了计算分析，结果表明，方向分布对波浪爬高具有较大的影响，且不同位置处的影响并不相同，在实际的工程设计中如果按照单向波浪计算，可能低估或者高估群墩周围的爬高。  相似文献   

Building a model-based personalised recommendation approach for tourist attractions from geotagged social media data     

Xiaoyu Sun  Xia Peng  Yiran Chen  Yu Liu 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2019,12(6):661-678

When travelling, people are accustomed to taking and uploading photos on social media websites, which has led to the accumulation of huge numbers of geotagged photos. Combined with multisource information (e.g. weather, transportation, or textual information), these geotagged photos could help us in constructing user preference profiles at a high level of detail. Therefore, using these geotagged photos, we built a personalised recommendation system to provide attraction recommendations that match a user's preferences. Specifically, we retrieved a geotagged photo collection from the public API for Flickr (Flickr.com) and fetched a large amount of other contextual information to rebuild a user's travel history. We then created a model-based recommendation method with a two-stage architecture that consists of candidate generation (the matching process) and candidate ranking. In the matching process, we used a support vector machine model that was modified for multiclass classification to generate the candidate list. In addition, we used a gradient boosting regression tree to score each candidate and rerank the list. Finally, we evaluated our recommendation results with respect to accuracy and ranking ability. Compared with widely used memory-based methods, our proposed method performs significantly better in the cold-start situation and when mining ‘long-tail’ data.  相似文献   

琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定带厚度的影响因素     

刘杰  杨睿  邬黛黛  金光荣  张辉 《海洋学报》2019,41(8):13-25

为了探讨琼东南盆地华光凹陷海底天然气水合物稳定带的分布规律，定量研究了静水压力、底水温度、地温梯度和气源组分对水合物稳定带的影响程度。在此基础上，分析了华光凹陷现今甲烷水合物稳定带的厚度分布。最后，综合各因素的历史演化过程，初步探讨了华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带的演化。结果表明:(1)气源组分和海底温度的变化对研究区内水合物稳定带的影响较大；水合物稳定带厚度与海底温度呈良好的线性负相关性。(2)水深超过600 m的海域具备形成天然气水合物的温压条件；超过600 m水深的海域水合物稳定带厚度大部分超过 100 m，其中西北部稳定带的最大厚度超过300 m，是有利的水合物勘探区。(3)华光凹陷1.05 Ma BP以来天然气水合物稳定带厚度经历了快速增厚–窄幅变化–快速减薄和恢复的过程。麻坑群与水合物稳定变化敏感区在空间上具有较好的叠合关系。结合前人的研究成果，推测其形成与天然气水合物的分解释放有关。  相似文献